QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s):
Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents

This Article Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Beaumont, M. W. Articles by Taylor, E. W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Beaumont, M. W. Articles by Taylor, E. W. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Exposure of brown trout Salmo trutta to a sublethal concentration of copper in soft acidic water: effects upon gas exchange and ammonia accumulation

M. W. Beaumont, P. J. Butler^* and E. W. Taylor

School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The routine rate of oxygen consumption of brown trout during 4 days of exposure to either control (pH 7, no added copper) or copper and low pH (CLP; pH 5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu) conditions. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=4. Circles, control data; squares, CLP data. In all figures and tables, symbols indicate significant effects as follows: # significant effect of CLP compared to control, significant effect of CLP compared to pre-exposure value, * significant effect of exercise, significant effect of CLP and metyrapone. The number of symbols indicates the level of the effect (one, two and three symbols; P<0.05, <0.01 and <0.001, respectively).

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The rate of oxygen consumption and cardiovascular parameters of brown trout while swimming after having been exposed to either control (pH7, no added copper) or copper and low pH (CLP; pH5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu) conditions for 96 h. Diamonds, rate of oxygen consumption; circles, cardiac output; triangles, heart rate; hexagons, difference in oxygen content between arterial and mixed venous blood CaO2—CO2; inverted triangles, cardiac stroke volume. Closed symbols, control data; open symbols, CLP data. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=4. Where vertical lines are not present, S.E.M. is within the limits of the symbol.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The net rate of ammonia excretion and total plasma ammonia concentration [Tamm] in brown trout during 4 days of exposure to either control (pH7, no added copper) or copper and low pH (CLP; pH5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu). Symbols as in Fig. 1. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5. Where vertical lines are not present, S.E.M. is within the limits of the symbol.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Plasma total ammonia concentration [Tamm], ammonia partial pressure PNH3 and carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] in blood taken from the dorsal (circles) and ventral (squares) aortae of brown trout exposed to copper and low pH (CLP; pH5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu). Values are means ± S.E.M., N=6.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Plasma cortisol concentration in brown trout during either 4 days of exposure to copper and low pH (CLP; pH5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu) or after 4 days in control (pH7, no added copper) conditions. Squares, CLP data; circle, control data. Values are means ± S.E.M., N=5.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Combined graphs showing patterns of plasma ammonia concentration [Tamm], ammonia flux and cortisol concentration in control (pH 7, no added copper, N=5), CLP-exposed (pH 5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu, N=5) and metyrapone-treated CLP-exposed (N=6) trout. Values are means ± S.E.M. Where vertical lines are not present, S.E.M. is within the limits of the symbol. Circles, control data; squares, CLP data; triangles, metyrapone-treated CLP data; filled diamonds, acute ammonia infusion; small cross, control data from Beaumont et al. (2000); large cross, CLP data from Beaumont et al. (2000).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Observed (open symbols) and predicted (filled symbols) net ammonia excretion rates in brown trout exposed to copper and low pH (CLP; pH 5 and 0.08 µmol l-1 Cu) alone (squares) or with metyrapone treatment as well (triangles). Predictions are made using the Fick equation (NH3=GNH3PNH3), measured difference in partial pressure of ammonia (PNH3) and values of branchial diffusive conductance (GNH3) calculated from the data from control trout. indicates a significant difference between observed and expected (2 test, P=0.05, N=5 for all data points, except CLP predicted and observed at 48 h, where N=4).

CiteULike

Complore

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

Twitter