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Energetics of median and paired fin swimming, body and caudal fin swimming, and gait transition in parrotfish (Scarus schlegeli) and triggerfish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus)

Keith E. Korsmeyer^*, John Fleng Steffensen and Jannik Herskin

Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, DK-3000, Denmark
Present address: Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Pectoral fin-beat frequencies as a function of swimming speed for seven parrotfish Scarus schlegeli during the critical speed swimming test. Total body lengths (L) are given for each individual.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Percentage of time using the body-caudal fin gait (A) and finbeat frequencies (B) as a function of swimming speed for five triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus. When not using body-caudal undulations, the triggerfish swam using only undulations of the dorsal and anal fins. In B, symbols in blue are frequencies of the dorsal and anal fins during swimming with only these median fins. Symbols in red are the frequencies of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins when body-caudal swimming was used. Total body lengths (L) are given for each individual.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Rate of oxygen consumption (O2) measurements throughout an experimental run with a 105 g triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus. Measurements began shortly after placing the fish in the respirometer (19:50 h) and were made every 10 min. O2 stabilized overnight, allowing determination of standard metabolic rate (see text). Three periods of spontaneous activity appeared in the early morning hours, demonstrating the high resolution of the system. The shaded region indicates the period during the swimming speed test.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Total rate of oxygen consumption O2 (A) and net swimming costs (B) as a function of swimming speed for the parrotfish Scarus schlegeli. Blue symbols, oxygen uptake during labriform (rigid-body) swimming; red symbols, during body-caudal undulations. Both O2 and net swimming costs were significantly higher during body-caudal undulations (ANCOVA, P<0.05). Mass and total length (L) are given for each individual. Standard metabolic rates (SMR, a) are shown at zero speed (A). Total O2 (A) during rigid-body swimming was positively related to swimming speed (U) and body mass (M) by the equation: logO2=1.984+0.008U+0.809logM, r2=0.92, N=7. For clarity, only a single regression line is shown for the mean mass of 0.243 kg. Net swimming costs (B) were calculated as O2—SMR for each individual, and during rigid-body swimming were positively related to speed by the equation log(O2—a)=-1.193+1.660logU, r2=0.91, N=7.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Total rate of oxygen consumption O2 (A) and net swimming costs (B) as a function of swimming speed for the triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus. Blue symbols, oxygen uptake during balistiform (rigid-body) swimming; red symbols, during swimming with the use of body-caudal undulations in addition to the dorsal and anal fins. The rate of increase (slope) in total O2 was significantly higher during body-caudal swimming (ANCOVA, P<0.05). Mass and total length (L) are given for each individual. Standard metabolic rates (SMR, a) are shown at zero speed (A). Total O2 (A) during rigid-body swimming was positively related to swimming speed (U) by the equation: logO2=0.971+0.009U, r2=0.42, N=5. For body-caudal swimming, the relationship was: logO2=0.865+0.016U, r2=0.94, N=5. Net swimming costs (B) were calculated as O2—SMR for each individual. During rigid-body swimming, net swimming costs were positively related to swimming speed by the equation: log(O2=-1.403+1.553logU, r2=0.49, N=5, and during body-caudal swimming by the equation: log(O2—a)=-2.306+2.302logU, r2=0.91, N=5.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Total cost of transport (TCOT), the amount of energy expended per unit mass per unit distance, as a function of swimming speed for the triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus and the parrotfish Scarus schlegeli. TCOT was calculated from the relationship between total O2 and swimming speed presented in Figs 4A and 5A. Lines in blue are for median-paired fin (MPF), rigid-body swimming, and the line (triggerfish) and symbols (parrotfish) in red are for body-caudal (BCF), undulatory swimming. Symbols for parrotfish BCF swimming are the same as in Fig. 4.