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Regulation of the respiratory central pattern generator by chloride-dependent inhibition during development in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

Lise Broch, Rey D. Morales, Anthony V. Sandoval and Michael S. Hedrick^*

Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Hayward, Hayward, CA 94542, USA

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Representative recordings of fictive breathing from tadpole and adult brainstem preparations. Raw and integrated () neural outputs from cranial nerve VII are shown for a tadpole exhibiting fictive gill breathing and a lung burst. Raw and integrated neural outputs from cranial nerve X are shown for an adult exhibiting fictive lung bursts.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of Cl--free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) superfusion on integrated () whole-nerve activity recorded from isolated brainstem preparations from a bullfrog tadpole exhibiting fictive gill and lung bursts in cranial nerves VII and XII and from cranial nerve X of an adult bullfrog and an adult grass frog showing fictive lung bursts. Results are shown during superfusion with aCSF (Control), following a 20 min perfusion with Cl--free aCSF and after a 90 min washout with normal aCSF.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of increasing concentrations of GABA (from 0.1 to 5.0 mmol l-1 on integrated () neural activity from (A) a tadpole (cranial nerve VII) and (B) an adult (cranial nerve X) brainstem preparation.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Summary of the effects of (A) GABA and (B) glycine on fictive lung burst frequency (min-1) in tadpoles (N=6) and adults (N=7). Values are means + S.E.M. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with the control value. C, control value; R, recovery value.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effects of increasing concentrations of the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (from 2.5 to 25 µmoll-1) on integrated neural activity () from (A) a tadpole (cranial nerve VII) and (B) an adult (cranial nerve X) brainstem preparation.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Summary of the effects of (A) bicuculline and (B) strychnine on fictive lung burst frequency (min-1) for tadpoles (N=7) and adults (N=7). Values are means + S.E.M. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with the control value. C, control value; R, recovery value.