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Accumulation of ammonia in the body and NH₃ volatilization from alkaline regions of the body surface during ammonia loading and exposure to air in the weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

T. K. N. Tsui¹, D. J. Randall^2,*, S. F. Chew³, Y. Jin¹, J. M. Wilson⁴ and Y. K. Ip¹

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore,
² Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,
³ Department of Natural Sciences, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Republic of Singapore and
⁴ Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental-CIIMAR, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) Effects of various periods of ammonia exposure (30 mmol l–1 NH4Cl) on the concentrations of ammonia (A) and urea (B) in the blood plasma (open columns), liver (hatched columns) and muscle (filled columns) of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=6). aSignificantly different from the 0 h/C condition, P<0.05; bsignificantly different from the 12 h/N condition, P<0.05; csignificantly different from the 24 h/N condition, P<0.05; dsignificantly different from the 48 h/N condition, P<0.05. N, 30 mmol l–1 NH4Cl; C, control.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effects of ammonia loading (10 mmol l–1 or 20 mmol l–1 NH4Cl) on (A) the NH3 volatilization rate (µmol day–1) and (B) the pH of the surrounding medium of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Open columns represent the control condition (no fish). Filled columns represent the experimental condition (with fish). Values are means + S.E.M. (N=4). *Significantly different from the corresponding control condition, P<0.05.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effects of aerial exposure on the ammonia excretion rate (µmol day–1 g–1) of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Open columns represent the control condition. Filled columns represent the experimental condition. S, submerged; T, aerial exposure. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=4). *Significantly different from the corresponding control condition, P<0.05.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effects of aerial exposure on the NH3 volatilization rate (µmol day–1 g–1) of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Open columns represent the control condition. Filled columns represent the experimental condition. S, submerged; T, aerial exposure. Values are means + S.E.M. (N=4). *Significantly different from the corresponding control condition, P<0.05.