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Hovering flight mechanics of neotropical flower bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) in normodense and hypodense gas mixtures

Robert Dudley^1,2,* and York Winter³

¹ Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
² Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama
³ Department Biologie, Universität München, Luisenstrasse 14, 80333 München, Germany

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Maximum wing positional angle max, minimum wing positional angle min, and total stroke amplitude as a function of air density in normoxic density-reduction trials. Error bars indicate 1 S.D. (N=5 individuals).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Body-mass-specific induced power (Pind), profile power (Ppro) and total power requirements assuming perfect elastic energy storage (Pper) as a function of air density in normoxic density-reduction trials. Error bars indicate 1 S.D. (N=5 individuals). Values of Ppro and Pper derive from an assumed profile drag coefficient of 0.02 (see text).