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Hovering flight mechanics of neotropical flower bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) in normodense and hypodense gas mixtures

Robert Dudley1,2,* and York Winter3

1 Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama
3 Department Biologie, Universität München, Luisenstrasse 14, 80333 München, Germany



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  		Fig. 1. Maximum wing positional angle {phi}max, minimum wing positional angle {phi}min, and total stroke amplitude {Phi} as a function of air density in normoxic density-reduction trials. Error bars indicate 1 S.D. (N=5 individuals).

 


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  		Fig. 2. Body-mass-specific induced power (Pind), profile power (Ppro) and total power requirements assuming perfect elastic energy storage (Pper) as a function of air density in normoxic density-reduction trials. Error bars indicate 1 S.D. (N=5 individuals). Values of Ppro and Pper derive from an assumed profile drag coefficient of 0.02 (see text).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2002