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Enzyme activities of pharyngeal jaw musculature in the cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius: implications for sound production in cichlid fishes

Aaron N. Rice and Phillip S. Lobel^*

Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Present address: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the musculature of the pharyngeal jaws of male Tramitichromis intermedius. Abbreviations: levator externus 2 (LE2), levator externus 3 (LE3), levator externus 4 (LE4), levator posterior (LP), protractor pectoralis (PP), pharyngeohyodius (PH), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis externus (PHCE), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis internus (PHCI), retractor dorsalis (RD), lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ), and upper pharyngeal jaw (UPJ).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Enzyme activities for pharyngeal jaw muscles of Tramitichromis intermedius (means ± S.E.M). (A) Citrate synthase activity. (B) 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. (C) L-Lactate dehydrogenase activity. Gray bars represent males, and white bars represent females. Significant differences in activity between muscles for each sex are listed in the text. Asterisks indicate significant difference in activity for muscles between males and females (P<0.05). Abbreviations: levator externus 2 (LE2), levator externus 3 (LE3), levator externus 4 (LE4), levator posterior (LP), protractor pectoralis (PP), pharyngeohyodius (PH), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis externus (PHCE), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis internus (PHCI), retractor dorsalis (RD), axial muscle (Ax).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Relative capacity for fatty acid oxidation, expressed as a ratio of HOAD/CS activity, and (B) relative anaerobic capacity, expressed as a ratio of LDH/CS activity, of pharyngeal jaw muscles of Tramitichromis intermedius (means ± S.E.M). Gray bars represent males, and white bars represent females. Asterisks indicate significant difference in activity for muscles between males and females (P<0.05). Abbreviations: levator externus 2 (LE2), levator externus 3 (LE3), levator externus 4 (LE4), levator posterior (LP), protractor pectoralis (PP), pharyngeohyodius (PH), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis externus (PHCE), pharyngeohyodius cleithralis internus (PHCI), retractor dorsalis (RD), axial muscle (Ax), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), citrate synthase (CS), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).