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Heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption of flying and walking barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)

S. Ward^1,*, C. M. Bishop², A. J. Woakes¹ and P. J. Butler¹

¹ School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
² School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales — Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
^* Present address: School of Biology, Bute Medical Buildings, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Diagram of a longitudinal cross section of the wind tunnel.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The root-mean-square longitudinal turbulence (%) at each point on a cross section through the flight section of the wind tunnel. The measurements were made across an array of points centred 1.23 m from the floor and 1.53 m from either end of the flight section at an air speed of 17.88±0.01 m s-1.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Linear relationships between O2 and fH of (A) barnacle geese and (B) bar-headed geese walking on a treadmill and flying in a wind tunnel. The filled circles show data from a single bird of each species from which most data on the relationships between fH and O2 were obtained during flight (N=12 flights by barnacle goose B-B and 11 flights by bar-headed goose BH-O). The open symbols show data from other birds. Different symbols indicate different birds (8-12 points for each of four additional individuals of each species for walking and four flights by three additional barnacle geese). The thick solid lines show the common relationships between fH and O2 during walking [barnacle geese, O2=(0.32±0.03)fH-(11.0±7.1), r2=0.70; ANCOVA, fH, F1,49=91.9, P<0.001; slope, F4,49=1.9, P=0.1; intercept, F4,49=13.1, P<0.001; bar-headed geese, O2=(0.41±0.02)fH+(2.9±5.2), r2=0.91; fH, F1,53=270.5, P<0.001; slope, F4,53=2.3, P=0.08; intercept, F4,53=13.6, P<0.001]. The thin solid lines show the relationships between fH and O2 during walking and flight by barnacle goose B-B [walking, O2=(0.47±0.08)fH-(35.9±15.0), r2=0.78, P<0.001, N=11, obscured by thick solid line; flight, O2=(1.42±0.21)fH-(304.4±95.2), r2=0.82, P<0.001, N=12] and bar-headed goose BH-O [walking, O2=(0.35±0.04)fH+ (12.1±8.2), r2=0.88, P<0.001, N=13; flight, O2=(1.97±0.22)fH-(467.5±100.3), r2=0.90, P<0.001, N=11]. The broken lines show the 95% prediction intervals for the relationships between O2 and fH during flight for barnacle goose B-B and bar-headed goose BH-O.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Variation with respect to flight speed in (A) fH of barnacle geese (triangles, N=56 flights by seven birds) and bar-headed geese (circles, N=29 flights by two birds) flying in a wind tunnel without a respirometry mask and (B) O2 of barnacle geese (triangles, N=11 flights by two birds) and barheaded geese (circles, N=11 flights by one bird) flying in a wind tunnel with a respirometry mask. The data from barnacle geese are from flights during which the fH and O2 were not reduced as a result of the bird flying close to the trainer.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. fH (circles) and O2 (triangles) during a 10 min flight by barnacle goose B-B during which the bird flew progressively closer to the trainer during the flight.