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Respiration and energetics of embryonic development in a large altricial bird, the Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus)

James T. Pearson^1,*, Roger S. Seymour¹, Russell V. Baudinette¹ and Susan Runciman²

¹ Department of Environmental Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia
² Department of Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The composition (wet and dry mass, g) of pelican eggs (N=18) and the energy content (kJ) of albumen and yolk in relation to fresh egg mass (g). Albumen is indicated by squares, yolk by triangles, eggshell by circles and total energy content by asterisks. Solid lines represent significant linear regressions summarized in Table 1.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Changes in yolk-free wet mass (g) of pelicans and in yolk mass (g) with respect to relative incubation age, where 1.0 is the hatchling on day 33 of incubation. Asterisks refer to wet yolk, triangles to pre-internal pipping embryos (N=6), filled circles to internally pipped embryos (N=4), diamonds to externally pipped embryos (N=4) and open circles to hatchlings (N=14).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Rates of O2 consumption (ml day-1) of pelican embryos and hatchlings in relation to incubation age (days). Embryos incubated at 35°C pipped and hatched 1 day later than those incubated at 36°C, but data were not significantly different and were therefore combined up to day 30 (solid lines). Data for pipped embryos and hatchlings from the 35°C group are indicated by dashed lines on days 32-34. Internally pipped embryos are represented by filled symbols (triangles and diamonds for 35°C and 36°C groups, respectively), externally pipped embryos by open symbols (as for internal pipping) and hatchlings by open circles. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the mean on each day.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Respiratory exchange ratio of pelican embryos and hatchlings in relation to incubation age (days). Mean values are presented with 95% confidence interval bars on each day. Symbols and lines are the same as in Fig. 3.

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