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Altitudinal variation in parental energy expenditure by white-crowned sparrows

Wesley W. Weathers^1,2,*, Charisse L. Davidson¹, Christopher R. Olson³, Martin L. Morton⁴, Nadav Nur³ and Thomas R. Famula²

¹ Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
² Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
³ Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, CA 94970, USA
⁴ Biology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mean wind speed (A) at the montane (dashed line) and sea-level (solid line) study sites during measurements of daily energy expenditure. Mean air temperature (B) at the montane (dot-dashed line) and sea-level (solid line) sites and mean standard operative temperature at the montane (dotted line) and sea-level (dashed line) sites. Means were determined from measurements made at 10- or 30-min intervals over 31 days at Tioga Pass Meadow (TPM) and 22 days at Point Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Physiological variables of white-crowned sparrows during the incubation (INC) and feeding nestling (FN) breeding stages for the montane (TPM) and sea-level (PRBO) populations. Within variables, columns sharing the same letter are not significantly different.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relationship between daily energy expenditure and standard operative temperature measured 1 m above ground in the open during the incubation (shaded symbols) and feeding nestling (open symbols) breeding stages for montane (triangles) and sea-level (circles) sparrow populations. BMR, basal metabolic rate.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between resting, fasted rate of O2 consumption (resting metabolic rate) and ambient temperature for montane (open circles) and sea-level (shaded circles) white-crowned sparrow populations. See text for details of the slopes.