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Fluid-dynamic characteristics of a bristled wing

S. Sunada^1,*, H. Takashima², T. Hattori², K. Yasuda² and K. Kawachi³

¹ National Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 1-2-1 Namiki, Ibaraki 305-8964, Japan
² Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0081, Japan
³ Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Test wings. (A) Photomicrograph of a thrip's wings. (B,C) Diagrams of a bristled model wing (B) and a solid model wing (C). c, chord length of a wing; cm, membrane width of a bristled wing; ch1, length of cylinders on the leading edge; ch2, length of cylinders on the trailing edge; D, distance between neighbouring cylinders or bristles; d, diameter of cylinders or bristles; tm, thickness of a wing; xw, wing length; x,y,z, wing-fixed coordinate system.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Experimental apparatus used to measure the fluid-dynamic forces of a wing in forward motion (constant-velocity translation and accelerating translation). X, Y, Z, earth-fixed coorinate system; x, y, z, wing-fixed coordinate system; LX, LY, LZ, dimensions of the tank; , angle of attack.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Table 2. Wing motions

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Experimental apparatus used to measure the fluid-dynamic forces of a wing in rotational motion (constant-velocity rotation and accelerating rotation). The measuring system (MS) comprises a load cell and a motor. X, Y, Z, earth-fixed coordinate system; x, y, z, wing-fixed coordinate system; LX, LY, LZ, dimensions of the tank; LZ1, depth of liquid; 0.5LX, 0.5LY, 0.5LZ, position of a root of a wing.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Ratio of forces (lift L, drag D in constant-velocity translation and thrust T in constant-velocity rotation) or torque (Q in constant-velocity rotation) acting on the bristled wing to those on the solid wing. Open squares, L, filled squares, D, in constant-velocity translation; open circles, T, filled circles, Q, in constant-velocity rotation.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Lift coefficient CL (A) and drag coefficient CD (B) for steady motion (constant-velocity translation and constant-velocity rotation). Open circles, the bristled wing in constant-velocity translation; filled circles, the bristled wing in constant-velocity rotation; open squares, the solid wing in constant-velocity translation; filled squares, the solid wing in constant-velocity rotation.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Ratios of lift (open circles) and drag (filled circles) acting on the bristled wing in accelerating translation (T0t=4 s and =45 °) to those on the solid wing. t, time (s); T0t, period of acceleration phase in translational motion; , angle of attack.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Changes in time of CL and CD (A) and those of ReCL and ReCD (B) for accelerating translation, when T0t=4 s and =45 °. t, time (s); T0t, period of acceleration phase in translational motion; , angle of attack. Open circles, CL or ReCL for the bristled wing; filled circles, CD or ReCD for the bristled wing; open squares, CL or ReCL for the solid wing; filled squares, CD or ReCD for the solid wing.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Ratios of thrust T and torque Q acting on the bristled wing in accelerating rotation (=20 ° and =45 °) to those on the solid wing. t, time (s); T0r, period of acceleration phase in rotational motion; , angle of attack. Open circles, T at =20 °; filled circles, Q at =20 °; open squares, T at =45 °; filled squares, Q at =45 °.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Changes in time of CL and CD (A) and ReCL and ReCD (B) for accelerating rotation, when =45°. t, time (s); T0r, period of accelerated phase in rotational motion; , angle of attack. Open circles, CL or ReCL for the bristled wing; filled circles, CD or ReCD for the bristled wing; open squares, CL or ReCL for the solid wing; filled squares, CD or ReCD for the solid wing.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Comparison of flight data for a thrip and for other insects. (A) mass (kg) m versus wing-beat frequency (Hz) f, (B) mass (kg) m versus a parameter indicating vertical force coefficient mg/Stot(xwf)2. Data for the thrips (filled circle) are from Tanaka (1995). Data for the following insects (open circles) are from Azuma (1992): 1Bemisia tabaci, 2Aleurothrixus floccosus, 3Aphis gossypii, 4Acyrthosiphon kondoi, 5Aedes nearcticus, 6Musca domestica, 7Panorpa communis L., 8Pyrosoma minimum Harr., 9Amonophila sabulosa V.del, 10Sarcophaga carnaria L., 11Volucella pellucens Meig., 12Apis mellifica L., 13Telepharus fuscus, 14Calopteryx splendes Harr., 15Pieris brassica L., 16Vanessa atolanta L., 17Plusia gamma L., 18Talanus affioris, 19Vespa germanica, 20Orthetrum caerulescens Fabr., 21Tabanus botinus, 22Papilio podalirius, 23Macroglossa stellatorum L., 24Bombus terrestris Fabr., 25Aeschna mixtra Latr., 26Cetonia aurata, 27Brachytron pratense Mull., 28Vespa crabro L., 29Xylocope violacea, 30Anax parthenope, 31Melolontha vulgaris Fabr., 32Schistocerca gregaria, 33Lucanus corcus.

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