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Influence of cues from the anterior medial eyes of virtual prey on Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic jumping spider

Duane P. Harland^1,* and Robert R. Jackson²

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, East Sussex, UK
² Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Virtual lures based on Jacksonoides queenslandicus females: (A) intact (i.e. not modified), (B) with both anterior median (AM) eyes removed, (C) with the left AM eye removed, (D) with the AM eyes reduced to the size of the anterior lateral (AL) eyes, (E) with the AL eyes enlarged to the size of the AM eyes, (F) with one AM eye removed and the other centred on the face (Cyclops), (G) with square AM eyes. All lures are facing 45° away.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Arrangement for presenting virtual lures to Portia fimbriata. A, opaque tube, stoppered at one end. The non-stoppered end was fringed with hair (not shown). P. fimbriata emerges from the non-stoppered end. B, web platform (a wire frame matted with silk). P. fimbriata is depicted in the centre and facing the screen. C, the lens array for reducing the image from the computer projector (not shown) to life-like size and manipulating the image brightness and contrast. D, the image from the lens array on screen: a virtual salticid lure on a uniform white background.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Results from paired tests. Compared findings are from using an intact salticid lure (centre) and one modified lure. Comparisons of the tendency of individual Portia fimbriata to adopt cryptic stalking (solid line) and the tendency to freeze when faced by a lure (broken line). (A) Modified lures used to test the effect of the number of anterior median (AM) eyes. (B) Modified lures used to test the effect of AM eye size. (C) Lure used to test the effect of of AM eye position. (D) Lure used to test the effect of AM eye shape. NS, not significant; *P<0.001.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The distance (bar) between the edge of the anterior median (AM) eye and the edge of the visible carapace increases rapidly as Jacksonoides queenslandicus turns away. (A) Lure facing 0° (i.e. straight towards the viewer), (B) 30° and (C) 45° from the front. Note how, with increasing angle, the increase in this distance (line) is more rapid than the decrease in each AM eye's apparent width (i.e. the horizontal diameter of the oval).

View larger version (87K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Pachyballus cardiforme, a beetle-mimicking salticid from East Africa. (A) Side view (length ca. 5 mm). (B) Front view. Note the relatively wide distance between the lateral edges of the anterior median eyes and the lateral edges of the carapace (carapace width ca. 3 mm, abdomen width ca. 4 mm).

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