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Variations in respiratory muscle activity during echolocation when stationary in three species of bat (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Winston C. Lancaster^* and J. R. Speakman

Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Ventral view of the musculature of the body wall of Pipistrellus pygmaeus.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Sonograms (top left), oscillograms (bottom) and Fast Fourier transforms (top right) of biosonar calls recorded at rest. (A) Myotis myotis; (B) Eptesicus serotinus; (C) Pipistrellus pygmaeus; (D) Pteronotus parnellii.

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Electromyograms recorded with respect to vocalisation from Eptesicus serotinus at rest.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Electromyograms recorded with respect to vocalisation from Pipistrellus pygmaeus (A–C) and Pteronotus parnellii (D) at rest. D is reproduced from Lancaster et al. (1995).

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Electromyograms recorded with respect to vocalisation from Myotis myotis at rest.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Composite diagrams depicting the relative timing characteristics of respiratory and flight muscles activities and biosonar vocalisations at rest over a single respiratory period. (A) Myotis myotis; (B) Eptesicus serotinus; (C) Pipistrellus pygmaeus; (D) Pteronotus parnellii. Data for D are from Lancaster et al. (1995).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Duty cycles of respiratory muscles in comparison with vocalisation at rest.