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Limits to sustainable human metabolic rate

Klaas R. Westerterp^*

Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of physical activity level (see text) in a sample (N=173) of the general population aged 20–50 years.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) as a function of fat mass index (FMI) in women (broken lines, N=61) and men (continuous lines, N=112). The regression lines with 95% confidence limits are calculated for the subjects with the physical activity levels presented in Fig.1 (women, r2=0.61, P<0.0001; men, r2=0.44, P<0.0001). Data for elite athletes, four women (filled symbols) and four men (open symbols) from the Swedish national cross-country ski team (Sjödin et al., 1994) are plotted in the same figure.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Sleeping metabolic rate as a function of fat-free mass in novice athletes (N=23) before (open symbols; r2=0.78, P<0.0001) and after (filled symbols; r2=0.65, P<0.0001) 40 weeks of exercise training.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Change in energy expenditure [100(hypoxic expenditure minus normoxic expenditure)/normoxic expenditure] as a function of the change in energy intake [100(hypoxic intake minus normoxic intake)/normoxic intake] from normoxia to progressive hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber (N=6; first 15-day interval, filled symbols; second 15-day interval, open symbols; r2=0.73, P<0.001).