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Effects of sublethal ammonia exposure on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A. Shingles^1,*, D. J. McKenzie^1,2, E. W. Taylor¹, A. Moretti², P. J. Butler¹ and S. Ceradini²

¹ School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK and
² Business Unit Environment, Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano, Via Reggio Emilia 39, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig.1. Plasma total ammonia content at incremental swimming speeds in individual rainbow trout exposed either to 288µmoll-1 total ammonia for 24h (open symbols) or to water with no added ammonia (filled symbols). Each symbol represents a different fish.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig.2. Plasma total ammonia content (A), plasma pH (B) and plasma [NH3] (C) in rainbow trout exposed either to 288µmoll-1 total ammonia for 24h (open bars) or to water with no added ammonia (filled bars). Values (mean ± S.E.M., N=6) are shown for fish swum for 24h at 0.75BLs-1, at the swimming speed showing the lowest concentration of ammonia for each fish, and at Ucrit. *Significant difference from the 0.75BLs-1 overnight value (t-test, P<0.05); significant difference from the lowest plasma ammonia value (P<0.05).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig.3. The relationship between swimming speed and O2 uptake in rainbow trout exposed either to 288µmoll-1 total ammonia for 24h (circles) or to water with no added ammonia (control) (squares). For the elevated ammonia group, the broken line describes the exponential relationship y=5.4338e0.526x (r2=0.6759, N=24 observations on 6 fish). For the control group, the solid line describes the exponential relationship y=2.9687e0.7999x (r2=0.604, N=35 observations on 6 fish).