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Effects of Altitude and Temperature on Organ Phenotypic Plasticity Along an Altitudinal Gradient

Kimberly A. Hammond^1,2,*, Joe Szewczak² and Elbieta Król^1,3

¹ Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA,
² University of California White Mountain Research Station, 3000 East Line Street, Bishop, CA 93514, USA
³ Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mean daily air temperatures (°C) to which the experimental animals were exposed and the six different treatments and dates of these experiments.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Hematocrit (%) in deer mice from two different altitudes and either warm (open columns) or cold (filled columns) temperatures. Within a single column color, letters that are different from each other indicate statistically significant differences. Values are means +1 S.E.M. (N as in text). Note that these data are for the 1999 season only.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Energy intake (kJday-1) and organ masses of deer mice from two different altitudes and either warm (open columns) or cold (filled columns) temperatures. Within a single column color, letters that are different from each other indicate differences if they are statistically significant with respect to altitude. Asterisks indicate statistical differences between temperatures. Values are means +1 S.E.M. (N as in text). Note that the data on organ mass are for the intact (with blood) mice only.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. 14-day mean ambient temperature (T) versus energy intake (residuals) (I) after the effects of body mass had been removed for deer mice at either 3800m (open circles) or 370m (filled triangles). The equation for the regression line for the entire data set was I=-2.95T+43.2 (r2=0.57; P=0.0001).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Histogram showing heart (A) and lung (B) dry masses of exsanguinated deer mice at two different altitudes and acclimated to either warm (open columns) or cold (filled columns) temperatures. Within a single column color, letters that are different from each other indicate statistically significant differences. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between temperatures. Values are means +1 S.E.M. (N as in text).