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Limits to sustained energy intake : V. Effect of cold-exposure during lactation in MUS MUSCULUS

M. S. Johnson and J. R. Speakman^*

Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) Mean body mass and (B) mean daily food intake of female mice throughout the period of lactation. Individuals continuously exposed to warm conditions (21°C) are shown as filled circles (N=71), while individuals initially exposed to the warm but at day 10 switched to cold conditions (8°C) are shown as open circles (N=15). Values are means ± S.E.M.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The increase in asymptotic food intake during late lactation when mice were moved from warm to cold conditions as a function of litter size. The increase was calculated as the actual intake minus the predicted intake from litter size for mice raising equivalent-sized litters continuously in the warm. Each point refers to a separate litter.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The mortality rate of pups (the proportion of pups alive that died on any given day) for litters maintained continuously in the warm (filled columns) and litters transferred to the cold on day 10 of lactation (open columns).

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) Relationship between maternal milk production (volume of milk produced on day 15) and litter size for litters in the cold. The line (y=5.93x-39.2) describes the best-fit least-squares regression. (B) Relationship between maternal milk production (volume of milk produced on day 15) and litter mass for litters raised continuously in the warm (filled symbols) and litters transferred to the cold on day 10 of lactation (open symbols) (y=0.596x-18.7).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Relationship between milk energy output at peak lactation (kJday-1 on day 15) and litter size for litters transferred to the cold on day 10 of lactation. The line (y=32.53x-87.3) represents the best-fit least-squares regression equation.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Relationship between litter mass and (A) protein content (y=-0.07x+15.8, P=0.051, not significant) and (B) lactose content (y=0.02x+0.5, P=0.05) of the milk at peak lactation (day 15) for females raising litters transferred to the cold on day 10 of lactation.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Milk energy output (on day 15) in relation to litter mass (g) for litters raised continuously in the warm (filled circles) and litters transferred to the cold on day 10 of lactation (open circles).