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Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 99, Issue 1 197-205, Copyright © 1982 by Company of Biologists

JOURNAL ARTICLES

The neuromuscular basis of rhythmic struggling movements in embryos of Xenopus laevis

JA Kahn and A Roberts

Xenopus embryos struggle when restrained. Struggling involves rhythmic movements of large amplitude, in which waves of bending propagate from the tail to the head. Underlying this, electrical activity in myotomal muscles occurs in rhythmic bursts that alternate on either side of a segment. Bursts in ipsilateral segments occur in a caudo-rostral sequence. Curarized embryos can generate motor nerve activity in a struggling pattern in the absence of rhythmic sensory stimulation; the pattern is therefore produced by a central pattern generator.


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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 1982