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Journal of Experimental Biology 84,245-257 (1980)
Published by Company of Biologists 1980

Neuroethological Studies of Freely Swimming Aplysia Brasiliana

KENNETH VON DER PORTEN ¹, GREG REDMANN ¹, BARRY ROTHMAN ², and HAROLD PINSKER ¹

¹ Marine Biomedical Institute, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77550 USA
² Marine Biomedical Institute, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77550 USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, 3rd Avenue and Parnassus St., San Francisco, CA 94143.

Recently developed neurophysiological and behavioural techniques were used to study swimming in the marine gastropod Aplysia brasiliana. Aplysia swim by bilateral parapodial flapping with an anterior to posterior meta-chronal wave. Parapodial oscillations are measured from video records. Population recordings from nerves innervating the parapodia during normal swimming in intact Aplysia reveal synchronous phasic activity in large efferent units associated with parapodial opening. Isolated brain studies and stimulation of central pathways in intact animals suggest a central pattern generator. We conclude that the output of the neuronal oscillator that controls parapodial flapping radiates synchronously from each pedal ganglion. The putative command to swim originates within the cerebral ganglia.

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