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Journal of Experimental Biology 82,25-33 (1979)
Published by Company of Biologists 1979

The Energetics of Hovering in the Mandarin Fish (Synchropus Picturatus)

R. W. BLAKE ¹

¹ Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

The influence of the ground effect on the energetics of hovering in Synchropus picturatus Peters, a negatively buoyant, demersal teleost was studied. Changes in pectoral fin kinematics, the ultimate water velocity in the wake below the fins, the calculated minimum induced thrust and power required to hover are related to the height at which the animal hovers above the substrate. The profile power required to overcome the frictional drag on the fins has been calculated for the case of both a laminar and a turbulent boundary layer over the fins. Reductions in the total power needed to hover (as compared with that required out of ground effect) of 30-60% have been calculated for Synchropus when hovering at commonly observed heights above the bottom. Results are discussed in relation to the hovering flight of birds, insects and helicopters.

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