|
| |
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
The Swimming Energetics of Trout : I. Thrust and Power Output at Cruising Speeds
1 Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Bristol
1. The wavelength, tail-beat frequency and trailing-edge amplitude have been measured for five groups of rainbow trout at various subfatigue cruising speeds. Four groups of fish were fitted with extra drag loads. The swimming mode was anguilliform by definition, but is probably best considered as intermediate between this and the carangiform mode.
2. The wavelength of the propulsive wave represented 0.76 of the body length. The specific amplitude (amplitude/length) tended to reach a maximum value of 0.175 at tail-beat frequencies approaching 5/sec.
3. The product of frequency and specific amplitude was found to be linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups of fish.
4. The critical swimming speed for the non-loaded control group was 1.73 body length/sec, and fell in groups 1-4 as the magnitude of the extra drag loads increased. The critical swimming speed for the control group is low for salmonids, probably as a result of the unfavourable history of the fish.
5. A method is described for calculating the drag of a swimming fish from the effects of the extra loads on the characteristics of the propulsive wave. It was found that thrust, T = 7.9 (swimming speed)1.79. The thrust was approximately 2.8 times greater than that required for an equivalent straight rigid vehicle.
6. It was calculated that the power output of the red muscle system would need to be about 0.48-0.77 ergs/sec/g muscle to overcome the drag of the fish at cruising speeds.
7. The power output of the fish was compared with values calculated by means of mathematical models proposed by Taylor and Lighthill. It was found that the fish did not fit the assumptions made in Taylor's model, and so power output calculations were not comparable with those calculated in the present paper. Lighthill's model was found to give values which were within 5 % of the values calculated here at higher swimming speeds. At lower swimming speeds the values were up to about 50 % lower than expected because again the fish did not fit the assumptions involved.
8. The relationship between thrust and swimming speed was extended into the sprint-speed range. It was calculated that fish could reach a maximum sprint speed maintained for 1 sec, provided that drag was reduced by about a half, or that the power required was that to accelerate the fish to that speed.
Note:
Present address: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. J. Lurman, C. H. Bock, and H.-O. Portner An examination of the metabolic processes underpinning critical swimming in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) using in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy J. Exp. Biol., November 1, 2007; 210(21): 3749 - 3756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wohl and S. Schuster Hunting archer fish match their take-off speed to distance from the future point of catch J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2006; 209(1): 141 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Drucker and G. V. Lauder Locomotor function of the dorsal fin in rainbow trout: kinematic patterns and hydrodynamic forces J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2005; 208(23): 4479 - 4494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ribak, D. Weihs, and Z. Arad Submerged swimming of the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis is a variant of the burst-and-glide gait J. Exp. Biol., October 15, 2005; 208(20): 3835 - 3849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. van Ginneken, E. Antonissen, U. K. Muller, R. Booms, E. Eding, J. Verreth, and G. van den Thillart Eel migration to the Sargasso: remarkably high swimming efficiency and low energy costs J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2005; 208(7): 1329 - 1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Lovvorn, Y. Watanuki, A. Kato, Y. Naito, and G. A. Liggins Stroke patterns and regulation of swim speed and energy cost in free-ranging Brunnich's guillemots J. Exp. Biol., December 15, 2004; 207(26): 4679 - 4695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Drucker and G. V. Lauder Function of pectoral fins in rainbow trout: behavioral repertoire and hydrodynamic forces J. Exp. Biol., March 1, 2003; 206(5): 813 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Nauen and G. V. Lauder Quantification of the wake of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using three-dimensional stereoscopic digital particle image velocimetry J. Exp. Biol., November 1, 2002; 205(21): 3271 - 3279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Zamparo, D. R. Pendergast, B. Termin, and A. E. Minetti How fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimming J. Exp. Biol., September 1, 2002; 205(17): 2665 - 2676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Dickson, J. M. Donley, C. Sepulveda, and L. Bhoopat Effects of temperature on sustained swimming performance and swimming kinematics of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2002; 205(7): 969 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Webber, R. G. Boutilier, S. R. Kerr, and M. J. Smale Caudal differential pressure as a predictor of swimming speed of cod (Gadus morhua) J. Exp. Biol., March 12, 2002; 204(20): 3561 - 3570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. K. Bartol, M. R. Patterson, and R. Mann Swimming mechanics and behavior of the shallow-water brief squid Lolliguncula brevis J. Exp. Biol., January 11, 2001; 204(21): 3655 - 3682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Sepulveda and K. Dickson Maximum sustainable speeds and cost of swimming in juvenile kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) J. Exp. Biol., January 10, 2000; 203(20): 3089 - 3101. [Abstract]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Donley and K. Dickson Swimming kinematics of juvenile kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) J. Exp. Biol., January 10, 2000; 203(20): 3103 - 3116. [Abstract]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Anderson and M. DeMont The mechanics of locomotion in the squid Loligo pealei: locomotory function and unsteady hydrodynamics of the jet and intramantle pressure J. Exp. Biol., January 9, 2000; 203(18): 2851 - 2863. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Shanghavi and J. Weber Effects of sustained swimming on hepatic glucose production of rainbow trout J. Exp. Biol., January 8, 1999; 202(16): 2161 - 2166. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
