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First published online July 31, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 2564-2570 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.032532
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Reduction in fragile X related 1 protein causes cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy in zebrafish

Sandra van't Padje1,*, Bill Chaudhry2,*, Lies-Anne Severijnen1, Herma C. van der Linde1, Edwin J. Mientjes1, Ben A. Oostra1 and Rob Willemsen1,{dagger}

1 CBG-Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2 Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK

{dagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: r.willemsen{at}erasmusmc.nl)

Accepted 19 May 2009

Lack of the FMR1 gene product causes fragile X syndrome, the commonest inherited cause of mental impairment. We know little of the roles that fragile X related (FXR) gene family members (FMR1, FXR2 and FXR1) play during embryonic development. Although all are expressed in the brain and testis, FXR1 is the principal member found in striated and cardiac muscle. The Fxr1 knockout mice display a striated muscle phenotype but it is not known why they die shortly after birth; however, a cardiac cause is possible. The zebrafish is an ideal model to investigate the role of fxr1 during development of the heart. We have carried out morpholino knockdown of fxr1 and have demonstrated abnormalities of striated muscle development and abnormal development of the zebrafish heart, including failure of looping and snapping of the atrium from its venous pole. In addition, we have measured cardiac function using high-speed video microscopy and demonstrated a significant reduction in cardiac function. This cardiac phenotype has not been previously described and suggests that fxr1 is essential for normal cardiac form and function.

Key words: fxr1, morpholino, knockdown, cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy


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