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First published online April 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1482-1489 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.015636
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Functional and morphological plasticity of crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) salt glands

Rebecca L. Cramp, Edward A. Meyer, Nicole Sparks and Craig E. Franklin*

School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: c.franklin{at}uq.edu.au)

Accepted 10 March 2008

The estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, inhabits both freshwater and hypersaline waterways and maintains ionic homeostasis by excreting excess sodium and chloride ions via lingual salt glands. In the present study, we sought to investigate the phenotypic plasticity, both morphological and functional, in the lingual salt glands of the estuarine crocodile associated with chronic exposure to freshwater (FW) and saltwater (SW) environments. Examination of haematological parameters indicated that there were no long-term disruptions to ionic homeostasis with prolonged exposure to SW. Maximal secretory rates from the salt glands of SW-acclimated animals (100.8±14.7 µmol 100 g–0.7 body mass h–1) were almost three times greater than those of FW-acclimated animals (31.6±6.2 µmol 100 g–0.7 body mass h–1). There were no differences in the mass-specific metabolic rate of salt gland tissue slices from FW- and SW-acclimated animals (558.9±49.6 and 527.3±142.8 µl O2 g–1 h–1, respectively). Stimulation of the tissue slices from SW-acclimated animals by methacholine resulted in a 33% increase in oxygen consumption rate. There was no significant increase in the metabolic rate of tissues from FW-acclimated animals in response to methacholine. Morphologically, the secretory cells from the salt glands of SW-acclimated animals were larger than those of FW-acclimated animals. In addition, there were significantly more mitochondria per unit volume in secretory tissue from SW-acclimated animals. The results from this study demonstrate that the salt glands of C. porosus are phenotypically plastic, both morphologically and functionally and acclimate to changes in environmental salinity.

Key words: osmoregulation, reptile, tissue respirometry, stereology, transmission electron microscopy


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