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First published online April 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1426-1433 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.015859
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Aldehyde-encapsulating liposomes impair marine grazer survivorship

Isabella Buttino1,*, Giuseppe De Rosa2, Ylenia Carotenuto1, Marialuisa Mazzella2, Adrianna Ianora1, Francesco Esposito1, Valentina Vitiello1, Fabiana Quaglia2, Maria Immacolata La Rotonda2 and Antonio Miralto1

1 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
2 Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: buttino{at}szn.it)

Accepted 2 March 2008

In the last decade, there has been an increased awareness that secondary metabolites produced by marine diatoms negatively impact the reproductive success of their principal predators, the copepods. Several oxylipins, products of the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids, are produced when these unicellular algae are damaged, as occurs during grazing. In the past, the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum, which does not produce the oxylipin 2-trans,4-trans-decadienal (DD), has been used as a live carrier to calculate daily ingestion rates of this molecule by copepod crustaceans. However, since the interaction between oxylipins and live carriers is unknown, the question as to how much and for how long ingestion of these molecules affects copepod reproduction remains a critical point to understanding the functional role of such compounds at sea. In the investigation presented here we used giant liposomes (~7 µm) as a delivery system for the oxylipin DD, prepared in the same size range as copepod food and containing known amounts of DD. The aim of this work was to relate the ingestion of DD to the reproductive failure of the copepods Temora stylifera and Calanus helgolandicus. Liposomes were very stable over time and after 10 days of feeding, liposomes encapsulating DD reduced egg hatching success and female survival with a concomitant appearance of apoptosis in both copepod embryos and female tissues. Concentrations of DD inducing blockage were one order of magnitude lower that those used in classical feeding experiments demonstrating that liposomes are a useful tool to quantitatively analyze the impact of toxins on copepods.

Key words: copepod, diatom, decadienal, reproduction, egg viability, apoptosis


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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008