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First published online March 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1336-1343 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.011296

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Estimating maximum performance: effects of intraindividual variation

Stephen C. Adolph^* and Trevor Pickering

Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA 91711, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: adolph{at}hmc.edu)

Accepted 4 February 2008

Researchers often estimate the performance capabilities of animals using a small number of trials per individual. This procedure inevitably underestimates maximum performance, but few studies have examined the magnitude of this effect. In this study we explored the effects of intraindividual variation and individual sample size on the estimation of locomotor performance parameters. We measured sprint speed of the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis at two temperatures (20°C and 35°C), obtaining 20 measurements per individual. Speed did not vary temporally, indicating no training or fatigue effects. About 50% of the overall variation in speed at each temperature was due to intraindividual variation. While speed was repeatable, repeatability decreased slightly with increasing separation between trials. Speeds at 20°C and 35°C were positively correlated, indicating repeatability across temperatures as well. We performed statistical sampling experiments in which we randomly drew a subset of each individual's full set of 20 trials. As expected, the sample's maximum speed increased with the number of trials per individual; for example, five trials yielded an estimate averaging 89% of the true maximum. The number of trials also influenced the sample correlation between mean speeds at 20°C and 35°C; for example, five trials yielded a correlation coefficient averaging 90% of the true correlation. Therefore, intraindividual variation caused underestimation of maximal speed and the correlation between speeds across temperatures. These biases declined as the number of trials per individual increased, and depended on the magnitude of intraindividual variation, as illustrated by running sampling experiments that used modified data sets.

Key words: performance, correlation, intraindividual variation, repeatability, lizard, burst speed, bias, maximum