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First published online March 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1221-1230 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.010652
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Three-dimensional flow structures and evolution of the leading-edge vortices on a flapping wing

Yuan Lu* and Gong Xin Shen{dagger}

Full Flow Field Observation and Measurement, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China

{dagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: gx_shen55{at}yahoo.com.cn)

Accepted 16 February 2008

Following the identification and confirmation of the substructures of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) system on flapping wings, it is apparent that the actual LEV structures could be more complex than had been estimated in previous investigations. In this experimental study, we reveal for the first time the detailed three-dimensional (3-D) flow structures and evolution of the LEVs on a flapping wing in the hovering condition at high Reynolds number (Re=1624). This was accomplished by utilizing an electromechanical model dragonfly wing flapping in a water tank (mid-stroke angle of attack=60°) and applying phase-lock based multi-slice digital stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (DSPIV) to measure the target flow fields at three typical stroke phases: at 0.125T (T=stroke period), when the wing was accelerating; at 0.25T, when the wing had maximum speed; and at 0.375T, when the wing was decelerating. The result shows that the LEV system is a collection of four vortical elements: one primary vortex and three minor vortices, instead of a single conical or tube-like vortex as reported or hypothesized in previous studies. These vortical elements are highly time-dependent in structure and show distinct `stay properties' at different spanwise sections. The spanwise flows are also time-dependent, not only in the velocity magnitude but also in direction.

Key words: flapping wing, hovering, flow structure, leading-edge vortex (LEV), vortex shedding, electromechanical model, digital stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (DSPIV)


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