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First published online March 16, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1170-1182 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.002188

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Persistent effects of incubation temperature on muscle development in larval haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)

D. John Martell^1,2,* and James D. Kieffer²

¹ Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St Andrews, NB, E5B 2L9, Canada
² Department of Biology and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: martelldj{at}mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca)

Accepted 23 January 2007

Muscle development and growth were investigated in haddock larvae (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) incubated under controlled temperatures (4, 6, 8°C) and reared post-hatch through yolk-dependent and exogenous-feeding stages in a 6°C post-hatch environment. Changes in cell number and size in superficial and deep myotomes within the epaxial muscle were investigated for 28 days following hatch. Distinct and significant differences in muscle cellularity following separate developmental strategies were observed in superficial and deep myotomes. The number of superficial myofibres increased with time and, although not in a manner proportional to temperature during the first 21 days post hatch (d.p.h.), there was observed a trend during the final 7 days of greater mean cell size that was strongly associated with increased temperature. In addition, there was an apparent correspondence between increased temperature and increased size between 21 and 28 d.p.h. Among all temperature groups the superficial myotome not only demonstrated a consistent unimodal myofibre-size distribution but one that increased in range proportional to temperature. In the deep muscle, myotomes from higher incubation temperatures had a broader range of fibre sizes and greater numbers of myofibres. The onset of a proliferative event, characterized by a significant recruitment of new smaller myofibres and a bimodal distribution of cell sizes, was directly proportional to incubation temperature such that it occurred at 14 d.p.h. at 8°C but not until 28 d.p.h. at 4°C. The magnitude of that recruitment was also directly proportional to temperature. Following hatch, those embryos from the greatest temperature groups had the largest mean deep muscle size but, as a result of the proliferative event, had the smallest-sized cells 28 days later. The muscle developmental and growth strategy as indicated by sequential changes in cellularity and cell-size distributions between myotomes in response to temperature are also discussed in light of whole animal growth and development.

Key words: development, larva, muscle, temperature, myofibre

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