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First published online June 29, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2430-2435 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.003541
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Intermittent hypoxia in eggs of Ambystoma maculatum: embryonic development and egg capsule conductance

J. Hunter Valls and Nathan E. Mills*

Department of Biology, Harding University, Searcy, AR 72149, USA

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: nmills{at}harding.edu)

Accepted 1 May 2007

The spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum breeds in shallow freshwater pools and imbeds its eggs within a common outer jelly matrix that can limit oxygen availability. The eggs are impregnated with the unicellular alga Oophilia amblystomatis, which produces oxygen during the day but consumes oxygen at night. This daily cycle of algal oxygen production drives a diurnal fluctuation of oxygen partial pressure (PO2) within the eggs, the magnitude of which depends on the distance of an egg from the exterior of the jelly matrix and on the ambient PO2 of the pond. We subjected A. maculatum eggs to fluctuating oxygen levels with a variable minimum PO2 and an invariable maximum, to simulate natural conditions, and measured differences in developmental rate, day and stage at hatching, and egg capsule conductance (GO2). Lower minimum PO2 slowed development and resulted in delayed, yet developmentally premature hatching. GO2 increased in all treatments throughout development, but PO2 had no detectable effect on the increase. Intermittent hypoxia caused comparable but less pronounced developmental delays than chronic hypoxia and failed to elicit the measurable change in GO2 seen in ambystomatid salamander eggs exposed to chronic hypoxia.

Key words: Ambystoma maculatum, hypoxia, amphibian, embryonic development, egg capsule conductance






© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007