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First published online June 15, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 2420-2431 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02258
Thermal stress on intertidal limpets: long-term hindcasts and lethal limits
1 Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950,
USA
2 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T
1Z4, Canada
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: mwdenny{at}stanford.edu)
Accepted 6 April 2006
When coupled with long-term meteorological records, a heat-budget model for the limpet, Lottia gigantea, provides a wealth of information regarding environmental and topographic controls of body temperature in this ecologically important species. (1) The maximum body temperature predicted for any site (37.5°C) is insufficient to kill all limpets, suggesting that acute thermal stress does not set an absolute upper limit to the elevation of L. gigantea on the shore. Therefore, the upper limit must be set by behavioral responses, sublethal effects or ecological interactions. (2) Temperatures sufficient to kill limpets are reached at only a small fraction of substratum orientations and elevations and on only three occasions in 5 years. These rare predicted lethal temperatures could easily be missed in field measurements, thereby influencing the interpretation of thermal stress. (3) Body temperature is typically higher than air temperature, but maximum air temperature can nonetheless be used as an accurate predictor of maximum body temperature. Warmer air temperatures in the future may thus cause increased mortality in this intertidal species. Interpretation of the ecological effects of elevated body temperature depends strongly on laboratory measurements of thermal stress, highlighting the need for additional research on the temporal and spatial variability of thermal limits and sublethal stress. The lengthy time series of body temperatures calculated from the heat-budget model provides insight into how these physiological measurements should be conducted.
Key words: heat-budget model, intertidal zonation, thermal limits, limpet, Lottia gigantea, heat stress
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