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First published online December 14, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 43-56 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01958

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Induced airflow in flying insects II. Measurement of induced flow

Sanjay P. Sane^* and Nathaniel P. Jacobson

Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: sane{at}u.washington.edu)

Accepted 21 October 2005

The flapping wings of insects and birds induce a strong flow over their body during flight. Although this flow influences the sensory biology and physiology of a flying animal, there are very little data on the characteristics of this self-generated flow field or its biological consequences. A model proposed in the companion paper estimated the induced flow over flying insects. In this study, we used a pair of hot wire anemometers to measure this flow at two locations near the body of a tethered flapping hawk moth, Manduca sexta. The axial inflow anemometer measured the airflow prior to its entry into the stroke plane, whereas the radial outflow anemometer measured the airflow after it crossed the stroke plane. The high temporal resolution of the hot wire anemometers allowed us to measure not only the mean induced flow but also subtle higher frequency disturbances occurring at 1-4 times the wing beat frequency. These data provide evidence for the predictions of a mathematical model proposed in the companion paper. Specifically, the absolute value of the measured induced flow matches the estimate of the model. Also, as predicted by the model, the induced flow varies linearly with wing beat frequency. Our experiments also show that wing flexion contributes significantly to the observed higher frequency disturbances. Thus, the hot wire anemometry technique provides a useful means to quantify the aerodynamic signature of wing flexion. The phasic and tonic components of induced flow influence several physiological processes such as convective heat loss and gas exchange in endothermic insects, as well as alter the nature of mechanosensory and olfactory stimuli to the sensory organs of a flying insect.

Key words: hot wire anemometry, Manduca sexta, wing flutter, odor tracking, convective heat loss, airflow sensing

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. P. Sane, A. Dieudonne, M. A. Willis, and T. L. Daniel Antennal Mechanosensors Mediate Flight Control in Moths Science, February 9, 2007; 315(5813): 863 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Sane Induced airflow in flying insects I. A theoretical model of the induced flow J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2006; 209(1): 32 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]