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First published online March 14, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1109-1116 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01505
Temperature alters the respiratory surface area of crucian carp Carassius carassius and goldfish Carassius auratus
1 Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041,
N-0316 Oslo, Norway
2 Department of Zoophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University
of Aarhus, C. F. Moellers Alle 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: jorund.sollid{at}bio.uio.no)
Accepted 20 January 2005
We have previously found that the gills of crucian carp Carassius
carassius living in normoxic (aerated) water lack protruding lamellae,
the primary site of O2 uptake in fish, and that exposing them to
hypoxia increases the respiratory surface area of the gills 
7.5-fold. We
here examine whether this morphological change is triggered by temperature. We
acclimated crucian carp to 10, 15, 20 and 25°C for 1 month, and
investigated gill morphology, oxygen consumption and the critical oxygen
concentration at the different temperatures. As expected, oxygen consumption
increased with temperature. Also at 25°C an increase in the respiratory
surface area, similar to that seen in hypoxia, occurred. This coincided with a
reduced critical oxygen concentration. We also found that the rate of this
transformation increased with rising temperature. Goldfish Carassius
auratus, a close relative to crucian carp, previously kept at 25°C,
were exposed to 15°C and 7.5°C. At 7.5°C the respiratory surface
area of its gills was reduced by development of an interlamellar cell mass as
found in normoxic crucian carp kept at 10-20°C. Thus, both species alter
the respiratory surface area in response to temperature. Rather than being a
graded change, the results suggest that the alteration of gill morphology is
triggered at a given temperature. Oxygen-binding data reveal very high oxygen
affinities of crucian carp haemoglobins, particularly at high pH and low
temperature, which may be prerequisites for the reduced gill respiratory
surface area at low temperatures. As ambient oxygen and temperature can both
induce the remodelling of the gills, the response appears primarily to be an
adaptation to the oxygen demand of the fish.
Key words: teleost, crucian carp, goldfish, gill, morphology, temperature, Hb, haemoglobin, respiration, Q10
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