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First published online December 2, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 4641-4649 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01956

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Nutritional status influences socially regulated foraging ontogeny in honey bees

Amy L. Toth^1,*, Sara Kantarovich², Adam F. Meisel³ and Gene E. Robinson^1,2,4

¹ Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
² Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
³ Hughes Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
⁴ Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: amytoth{at}uiuc.edu)

Accepted 27 October 2005

In many social insects, including honey bees, worker energy reserve levels are correlated with task performance in the colony. Honey bee nest workers have abundant stored lipid and protein while foragers are depleted of these reserves; this depletion precedes the shift from nest work to foraging. The first objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that lipid depletion has a causal effect on the age at onset of foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). We found that bees treated with a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor (TOFA) were more likely to forage precociously. The second objective of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between social interactions, nutritional state and behavioral maturation. Since older bees are known to inhibit the development of young bees into foragers, we asked whether this effect is mediated nutritionally via the passage of food from old to young bees. We found that bees reared in social isolation have low lipid stores, but social inhibition occurs in colonies in the field, whether young bees are starved or fed. These results indicate that although social interactions affect the nutritional status of young bees, social and nutritional factors act independently to influence age at onset of foraging. Our findings suggest that mechanisms linking internal nutritional physiology to foraging in solitary insects have been co-opted to regulate altruistic foraging in a social context.

Key words: Apis mellifera, division of labor, foraging, honey bee, lipid, nutrition, social inhibition

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