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First published online June 6, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2447-2458 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01631
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Maximal metabolic rates during voluntary exercise, forced exercise, and cold exposure in house mice selectively bred for high wheel-running

Enrico L. Rezende*, Mark A. Chappell, Fernando R. Gomes, Jessica L. Malisch and Theodore Garland, Jr

Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: enrico.rezende{at}email.ucr.edu)

Accepted 31 March 2005

Selective breeding for high wheel-running activity has generated four lines of laboratory house mice (S lines) that run about 170% more than their control counterparts (C lines) on a daily basis, mostly because they run faster. We tested whether maximum aerobic metabolic rates (O2max) have evolved in concert with wheel-running, using 48 females from generation 35. Voluntary activity and metabolic rates were measured on days 5+6 of wheel access (mimicking conditions during selection), using wheels enclosed in metabolic chambers. Following this, O2max was measured twice on a motorized treadmill and twice during cold-exposure in a heliox atmosphere (HeO2). Almost all measurements, except heliox O2max, were significantly repeatable. After accounting for differences in body mass (S<C) and variation in age at testing, S and C did not differ in O2max during forced exercise or in heliox, nor in maximal running speeds on the treadmill. However, running speeds and O2max during voluntary exercise were significantly higher in S lines. Nevertheless, S mice never voluntarily achieved the O2max elicited during their forced treadmill trials, suggesting that aerobic capacity per se is not limiting the evolution of even higher wheel-running speeds in these lines. Our results support the hypothesis that S mice have genetically higher motivation for wheel-running and they demonstrate that behavior can sometimes evolve independently of performance capacities. We also discuss the possible importance of domestication as a confounding factor to extrapolate results from this animal model to natural populations.

Key words: artificial selection, exercise, experimental evolution, locomotor activity, maximum oxygen consumption, running performance, thermogenesis, mouse


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