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First published online May 5, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1775-1784 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01587
Linking swimming performance, cardiac pumping ability and cardiac anatomy in rainbow trout
1 Centre de Recherche sur les Écosystèmes Marins et Aquacoles,
Place du Séminaire, BP 5, 17137 L'Houmeau, France
2 Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL,
A1C 5S7 Canada
3 Station Expérimentale Mixte IFREMER-INRA, Barrage du Drennec, 29450
Sizun, France
4 UBC Centre for Aquaculture and the Environment, Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences and Department of Zoology, 2357 Main Mall, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: farrellt{at}interchange.ubc.ca)
Accepted 10 March 2005
We exploited the inherent individual diversity in swimming performance of
rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to investigate the hypothesis that
maximum cardiac performance is linked to active metabolic rate (AMR) and
critical swimming speed (Ucrit). Six hundred juveniles
(body mass 
150 g) were screened using a swimming challenge of 1.2 m
s-1 to identify `poor swimmers' and `good swimmers', i.e. the first
and last 60 fish to fatigue, respectively. These 120 fish were individually
tagged and then reared in common tanks for 9 months, where they grew at
similar rates and achieved a similar body mass of approximately 1100 g.
Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was then measured
individually in tunnel respirometers, with simultaneous recordings of cardiac
output via a ventral aortic flow probe. The group of individuals that
were screened as poor swimmers remained so, with a significantly (27%) lower
Ucrit than good swimmers [89±10 cm s-1
vs 123±5 cm s-1 (mean ±
S.E.M.), respectively, N=6], a 19%
lower AMR (147±12 µmol min-1 kg-1 vs
181±11 µmol min-1 kg-1, respectively), and a
30% lower maximum in vivo cardiac output (47.3±4.7 ml
min-1 kg-1 vs 68.0±5.2 ml
min-1 kg-1, respectively). When cardiac performance was
compared with an in situ heart preparation, hearts from poor swimmers
had a significantly (26%) lower maximum cardiac output (45.9±1.9 ml
min-1 kg-1 vs 56.4±2.3 ml
min-1 kg-1, respectively) and a 32% lower maximum
cardiac power output at a high afterload (3.96±0.58 mW g-1
vs 5.79±1.97 mW g-1, respectively). Cardiac
morphology was visualised in vivo by Doppler echography on
anaesthetised individual fish and revealed that poor swimmers had a
significantly more rounded ventricle (reduced ventricle length to height
ratio) compared with good swimmers, which in turn was correlated with fish
condition factor. These results provide clear evidence that maximum cardiac
performance is linked to AMR and Ucrit and indicate that a
simple screening test can distinguish between rainbow trout with lower active
metabolic rate, Ucrit, maximal cardiac pumping capacity
and a more rounded ventricular morphology. These distinguishing traits may
have been retained for 9 months despite a common growing environment and
growth.
Key words: swimming, metabolism, cardiovascular performance, heart morphology, domestication, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
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