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First published online March 22, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1543-1552 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00909
Acclimation to hypothermic incubation in developing chicken embryos (Gallus domesticus) : I. Developmental effects and chronic and acute metabolic adjustments
Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: burggren{at}unt.edu)
Accepted 22 January 2004
Chronic exposure to a low incubation temperature clearly slows the
development of poikilothemic chicken embryos (or any other poikilotherms), but
little is known about the more subtle developmental effects of temperature,
especially on physiological regulatory systems. Consequently, two populations
of chicken embryos were incubated at 38°C and 35°C. When compared at
the same development stage, incubation temperature had no significant impact
on embryonic survival or growth. Moreover, the relative timing of major
developmental landmarks (e.g. internal pipping), expressed as a percentage of
development, was unaffected by temperature. The ability to maintain the rate
of oxygen consumption
(
O2) during an
acute drop in ambient temperature (Ta) improved from
Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stages 39–40 to 43–44 in the
38°C but not the 35°C populations. Late stage (HH43–44) embryos
incubated at 38°C could maintain
O2
(approximately 27–33 µl g–1 min–1)
during an acute drop in Ta to approximately 30°C.
However, at the same stage 35°C embryos acutely measured at 38°C were
unable to similarly maintain their
O2, which fell
as soon as Ta reached 36°C. Thus, while hypothermic
incubation does not affect gross development (other than would be predicted
from a simple effect of Q10), there is a significant delay in the
relative timing of the onset of thermoregulatory ability induced by
hypothermic incubation.
Key words: chicken embryo, Gallus domesticus, thermoregulation, hypothermia, incubation, development, heterokairy
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