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First published online February 20, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1249-1261 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00871
The physiological consequences of exposure to chronic, sublethal waterborne nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exercise vs resting physiology
1 Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S
4K1
2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: michanderic{at}yahoo.com)
Accepted 9 January 2004
In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), following chronic (42 day) exposure to both 384 µg Ni l–1 and 2034 µg Ni l–1, Ni accumulation was greatest in the gill, kidney and plasma, with the plasma as the main sink for Ni. Indeed, trapped plasma analysis revealed that extensive loading of Ni in the plasma accounted for substantial percentages of accumulated Ni in several tissues including the liver and heart. Accumulated Ni in the gill and kidney was less dependent on plasma Ni concentration, suggesting a more intracellular accumulation of Ni in these tissues.
We present evidence for a clear, persistent cost of acclimation to chronic,
sublethal Ni exposure. Chronic (40–99 day) exposure to sublethal
waterborne Ni (243–394 µg Ni l–1; 
1% of the 96
h LC50) impaired the exercise physiology, but not the resting
physiology, of rainbow trout. Ni acted as a limiting stressor, decreasing
maximal rates of oxygen consumption
(
)
during strenuous exercise in trout exposed for 34 days to sublethal Ni. This
drop in high-performance gas exchange was attributed mainly to a reduction in
relative branchial diffusing capacity (Drel) caused by
thickening of secondary lamellae. Morphometric analysis of the gills of
chronically exposed fish revealed overall swelling of secondary lamellae, as
well as hypertrophic respiratory epithelia within secondary lamellae.
Additionally, contraction of the lamellar blood pillar system and narrowing of
interlamellar water channels occurred, possibly contributing to decreased
high-performance gas exchange. Decreased aerobic capacity persisted in fish
previously exposed to nickel despite a clean-water exposure period of 38 days
and an almost complete depuration of gill Ni, suggesting that extrabranchial
mechanisms of chronic Ni toxicity may also be important.
Chronic impairment of such a dynamically active and critical organ as the gill may depress the overall fitness of a fish by impairing predator avoidance, prey capture and migration success with obvious environmental implications.
Key words: nickel toxicity, acclimation, exercise, gill, Oncorhynchus mykiss
