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First published online November 5, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4185-4193 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01274

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Infrasound initiates directional fast-start escape responses in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus

Hans E. Karlsen^1,*, Robert W. Piddington^1,2, Per S. Enger¹ and Olav Sand¹

¹ Institute of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern N-0316, Norway
² Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland 4072, Australia

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: h.e.karlsen{at}bio.uio.no)

Accepted 6 September 2004

Acoustic stimuli within the sonic range are effective triggers of C-type escape behaviours in fish. We have previously shown that fish have an acute sensitivity to infrasound also, with acceleration thresholds in the range of 10^–5 m s^–2. In addition, infrasound at high intensities around 10^–2 m s^–2 elicits strong and sustained avoidance responses in several fish species. In the present study, the possible triggering of C-escapes by infrasonic single-cycle vibrations was examined in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus. The fish were accelerated in a controlled and quantifiable manner using a swing system. The applied stimuli simulated essential components of the accelerations that a small fish would encounter in the hydrodynamic flow field produced by a predatory fish. Typical C- and S-type escape responses were induced by accelerations within the infrasonic range with a threshold of 0.023 m s^–2 for an initial acceleration at 6.7 Hz. Response trajectories were on average in the same direction as the initial acceleration. Unexpectedly, startle behaviours mainly occurred in the trailing half of the test chamber, in which the fish were subjected to linear acceleration in combination with compression, i.e. the expected stimuli produced by an approaching predator. Very few responses were observed in the leading half of the test chamber, where the fish were subjected to acceleration and rarefaction, i.e. the stimuli expected from a suction type of predator. We conclude that particle acceleration is essential for the directionality of the startle response to infrasound, and that the response is triggered by the synergistic effects of acceleration and compression.

Key words: fish, Rutilus rutilus, startle response, C-escape response, S-escape response, predator avoidance, infrasound, acceleration, compression, rarefaction, Mauthner neuron

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