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First published online October 21, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 4045-4056 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01224

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Metabolic influences of fiber size in aerobic and anaerobic locomotor muscles of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

L. K. Johnson¹, R. M. Dillaman¹, D. M. Gay¹, J. E. Blum² and S. T. Kinsey^1,*

¹ Department of Biological Sciences,University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, USA
² Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: kinseys{at}uncw.edu)

Accepted 3 August 2004

Diameters of some white locomotor muscle fibers in the adult blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, exceed 500 µm whereas juvenile white fibers are <100 µm. It was hypothesized that aerobically dependent processes, such as metabolic recovery following burst contractions, will be significantly impeded in the large white fibers. In addition, dark aerobic fibers of adults, which rely on aerobic metabolism for both contraction and recovery, grow as large as the white fibers. These large aerobic fibers are subdivided, however, thus decreasing the effective diameter of each metabolic functional unit and enabling aerobic contraction. The two goals of this study were: (1) to characterize the development of subdivisions in the dark levator muscle fibers and (2) to monitor post-contractile metabolism as a function of fiber size in aerobic and anaerobic levator muscles. Dark levator muscle fibers from crabs ranging from <0.1 g to >190 g were examined with transmission electron microscopy to determine the density of mitochondria and subdivision diameters. Across all size classes, there was a constant mitochondrial fractional area (25% of the total subdivision area) and subdivision size (mean diameter of 36.5±2.7 µm). Thus, blue crab dark levator fibers are unusual in having metabolic functional units (subdivisions) that do not increase in size during development while the contractile functional units (fibers) grow hypertrophically. The body mass scaling of post-contractile lactate dynamics was monitored during recovery from anaerobic, burst exercise in white and dark muscle, and in hemolymph. There were no differences among size classes in lactate accumulation during exercise in either muscle. However, in white fibers from large crabs, lactate continued to increase after exercise, and lactate removal from tissues required a much longer period of time relative to smaller crabs. Differences in lactate removal among size classes were less pronounced in dark fibers, and post-contractile lactate accumulation was significantly higher in white than in dark fibers from large animals. These data suggest that the large white fibers invoke anaerobic metabolism following contraction to accelerate certain phases of metabolic recovery that otherwise would be overly slow. This implies that, in addition to the typical mass-specific decrease in oxidative capacity that accompanies increases in animal mass, aerobic metabolic processes become increasingly limited by surface area to volume and intracellular diffusion constraints in developing white muscle fibers.

Key words: crustacean, blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, muscle fiber, fiber size, fiber growth, anaerobic, aerobic, scaling, citrate synthase, lactate, diffusion, recovery, exercise, metabolism, TEM, mitochondria

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