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First published online August 23, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3361-3368 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01165

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The 14-3-3 proteins in the teleost fish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Heikki Koskinen¹, Aleksei Krasnov^1,*, Caird Rexroad², Yuri Gorodilov³, Sergey Afanasyev⁴ and Hannu Mölsä¹

¹ Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland,
² National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA-ARS, 11861 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA,
³ Biological Institute, University of Sanct Petersburg, Oranienbaum Chaussee 2, Stary Peterhof, Sanct Petersburg 198504, Russia
⁴ Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Petersburg 194223, Russia

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: krasnov{at}uku.fi)

Accepted 28 June 2004

We report studies of 14-3-3 genes in rainbow trout, adding to current understanding of the molecular evolution of this multigene family and its functional importance in fish. Ten genes were identified that are apparent duplicates of five ancestors. The duplicated 14-3-3 genes diverged rapidly and their cladogram is markedly different from the phylogenetic tree. The mean rate of nonsynonymous divergence of trout 14-3-3 genes is one order of magnitude greater than that of mammalian genes. An evolutionarily recent genome duplication in salmonid fish relaxed functional constraints, and selection favored establishment of novel isoforms. Differences in tissue distribution of 14-3-3 genes were minor; however, results of 31 microarray experiments showed divergence of expression profiles, which was related to structural divergence of the duplicates. We observed remarkable coordination of expression of all isoforms in our study of stress response in the brain. Profiles of the 14-3-3 genes correlated with a large group of chaperones and genes involved in cell communication and signal transduction. We studied embryonic expression of 14-3-3 genes and found abundant transcripts in the rapidly growing and differentiating parts of embryos such as eyes, tail bud and yolk syncytium during somitogenesis and in gills and pectoral fins after completion of somitogenesis. Consistent expression was observed in the neural crest, which is known to have high morphogenetic potential.

Key words: 14-3-3 proteins, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, duplicated genes, phylogeny, expression.