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First published online August 23, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3349-3359 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01167

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Bioconvective pattern formation of Tetrahymena under altered gravity

Yoshihiro Mogami^1,*, Akiko Yamane², Atsuko Gino¹ and Shoji A. Baba²

¹ Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
² Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: mogami{at}cc.ocha.ac.jp)

Accepted 28 June 2004

Bioconvection is a result of the negative gravitactic behavior of microorganisms. When the top-heavy density gradient generated by gravitaxis grows sufficiently large, an overturning convection occurs leading to a formation of characteristic patterns, which involve highly concentrated aggregation of cells into extended two-dimensional structures. Although gravity is a crucial factor, few experiments have been done with reference to gravity as an experimental variable. In order to gain an insight into the hydrodynamic as well as biological dependence of the convective motion on gravity, we investigated changes in bioconvective patterns of Tetrahymena under altered gravity acceleration generated by a long-arm centrifuge. Bioconvective patterns recorded of three different cell strains (T. pyriformis, T. thermophila and its behavioral mutant, TNR) were analyzed quantitatively using space-time plot and Fourier analysis. For example, under subcritical conditions, when T. pyriformis (1.0x10⁶ cells ml^-1) was placed in a 2 mm-deep chamber, no spatial pattern was observed at 1 g. When the suspension was centrifuged, however, patterns began to appear as acceleration increased over a critical value (1.5 g), and then remained steady. The formation was reversible, i.e. the patterns disappeared again as acceleration decreased. Under supracritical conditions, i.e. when a suspension of the same density was placed in a 4 mm-deep chamber, a steady state pattern was formed at 1 g. The pattern spacing in the steady state was observed to decrease stepwise in response to step increases in acceleration. Fourier analysis demonstrated that for TNR the mean wave number changed almost simultaneously with step changes in acceleration, whereas the responses were less sharp in the wild-type strains. This may suggest that the locomotor phenotype of the cell, such as its avoiding response ability, has a crucial role in bioconvective pattern formation. These findings are discussed in relation to former theoretical studies.

Key words: Tetrahymena, bioconvection, altered gravity, pattern formation,, pattern spacing, behavioral mutant