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First published online May 24, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2267-2276 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00991
Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation in insect eggs
Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: art.woods{at}mail.utexas.edu)
Accepted 18 March 2004
Most terrestrial insect embryos support metabolism with oxygen from the environment by diffusion across the eggshell. Because metabolism is more temperature sensitive than diffusion, embryos should be relatively oxygen-limited at high temperatures. We tested whether survival, development time and metabolism of eggs of a moth, Manduca sexta, were sensitive to experimentally imposed variation in atmospheric oxygen availability (5–50 kPa; normoxia at sea level is 21 kPa) across a range of biologically realistic temperatures. Temperature–oxygen interactions were apparent in most experiments. Hypoxia affected survival more strongly at warmer temperatures. Metabolic rates, measured as rates of CO2 emission, were virtually insensitive to hypo- and hyperoxia at 22°C but were strongly influenced at 37°C. Radial profiles of PO2 inside eggs, measured using an oxygen microelectrode, demonstrated that 3-day-old eggs had broad central volumes with PO2 less than 2 kPa, and that higher temperature led to lower PO2. These data indicate that at realistically high temperatures (32–37°C) eggs of M. sexta were oxygen limited, even in normoxia. This result has important implications for insect population ecology and the evolution of eggshell structures, and it suggests a novel hypothesis about insect gigantism during Paleozoic hyperoxia.
Key words: moth, Manduca sexta, egg, oxygen availability, temperature, metabolism, eggshell, insect gigantism, Paleozoic hyperoxia
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