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First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2083-2093 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00996

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Sex-dependent effects of gonadal steroids and cortisol on cardiac contractility in rainbow trout

Richard S. Farrar and Kenneth J. Rodnick^*

Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: rodnkenn{at}isu.edu)

Accepted 22 March 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine whether steroid hormones modulate cardiac function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). We assessed the effects of exogenously administered steroids on isolated ventricle strips and report that physiological concentrations of androgens, 17ß-estradiol and cortisol rapidly (<10 min) enhance inotropism (30–40%) in a sex-specific manner. These effects were specific to the hormones studied, absent if animals were anesthetized chemically and dependent upon steroid concentration and contraction frequency. Based on the use of specific steroid receptor antagonists and key enzyme inhibitors, it appears that testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and cortisol each act through specific intracellular receptors in males and that the positive inotropism requires the synthesis of polyamines and nitric oxide. Cortisol and 17ß-estradiol, but not androgens, had similar effects in females and also involved similar signaling pathways. Androgen and cortisol effects were additive in males but cortisol and 17ß-estradiol were not additive in females, suggesting sex differences in the pathways through which these hormones stimulate inotropism. In summary, gonadal steroids and cortisol promote ventricular contractility in a sex-dependent manner through mechanisms that appear multifaceted. Ultimately, steroid-mediated improvements in cardiac performance might involve non-genomic pathways and be physiologically important during migration, spawning or stressful periods.

Key words: steroid hormone, cardiac function, cortisol, 17ß-estradiol, androgen, inotropism, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

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