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First published online May 13, 2004
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2065-2070 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00999
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Variation in temperature increases the cost of living in birds

C. J. Pendlebury1,*, M. G. MacLeod2 and D. M. Bryant1,{dagger}

1 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
2 Division of Integrative Biology, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: cjp2{at}stir.ac.uk)

Accepted 25 March 2004

The effect of temperature variability on laying birds was studied experimentally, using Japanese quail. Two aspects of temperature variability were investigated: the effects of regular daily variation in temperature, and of a sudden change in temperature. Both of these may become more common as a consequence of climate change. These manipulations were carried out at two levels of food supply. Energy expenditure increased with higher daily temperature variation, and also after a sudden change in temperature, taking several days to settle to a constant level. Manipulating daily temperature variation also resulted in smaller eggs being laid under more variable temperatures, when food quality was also low. The results demonstrate that day-to-day variation in temperature, as well as mean temperature, affects energy expenditure, which can have consequences for egg production.

Key words: Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, temperature variability, energy expenditure, egg production


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