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Freshwater environment affects growth rate and muscle fibre recruitment in seawater stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
1 Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St
Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 8LB, UK
2 BioMar Ltd, North Shore Road, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, Scotland,
FK3 8UL, UK
3 Marine Harvest Scotland Ltd, Craigcrook Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4
3TU, UK
4 Roche Vitamins Ltd, Heanor, Derbyshire, England, DE75 7SG, UK
5 Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, School of Mathematics
and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16
9LZ, UK
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: iaj{at}st-andrews.ac.uk)
Accepted 23 January 2003
The influence of freshwater environment on muscle growth in seawater was
investigated in an inbred population of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar L.). The offspring from a minimum of 64 families per group were
incubated at either ambient temperature (ambient treatment) or in heated water
(heated treatment). Growth was investigated using a mixed-effect statistical
model with repeated measures, which included terms for treatment effect and
random fish effects for individual growth rate (
) and the instantaneous
growth rate per unit change in temperature (
). Prior to seawater
transfer, fish were heavier in the heated (61.6±1.0 g; N=298)
than in the ambient (34.1±0.4 g; N=206) treatments, reflecting
their greater growth opportunity: 4872 degree-days and 4281 degree-days,
respectively. However, the subsequent growth rate of the heated group was
lower, such that treatments had a similar body mass (3.7-3.9 kg) after
approximately 450 days in seawater. The total cross-sectional area of fast
muscle and the number (FN) and size distribution of the fibres was
determined in a subset of the fish. We tested the hypothesis that freshwater
temperature regime affected the rate of recruitment and hypertrophy of muscle
fibres. There were differences in FN between treatments and a
significant agextreatment interaction but no significant cage effect
(ANOVA). Cessation of fibre recruitment was identified by the absence of
fibres of <10 µm diameter. The maximum fibre number was 22.4% more in
the ambient (9.3x105±2.0x104 than in
the heated (7.6x105±1.5x104)
treatments (N=44 and 40 fish, respectively; P<0.001). For
fish that had completed fibre recruitment, there was a significant correlation
between FN and individual growth rate, explaining 35% of the total
variation. The density of myogenic progenitor cells was quantified using an
antibody to c-met and was approximately 2-fold higher in the ambient than in
the heated group, equivalent to 2-3% of the total muscle nuclei. The number of
myonuclei in isolated fibre segments showed a linear relationship with fibre
diameter. On average, there were 20.6% more myonuclei in 200-µm-diameter
fibres isolated from the ambient (3734 myonuclei cm-1) than from
the heated (3097 myonuclei cm-1) treatments. The maximum fibre
diameter was greater in heated than in ambient groups, whereas the
agextreatment interaction was not significantly different (ANCOVA).
There were also no consistent differences in the rate of hypertrophy of muscle
fibres between treatments. It was concluded that freshwater temperature regime
affected fibre number and the nuclear content of fast muscle in seawater but
not the rate of fibre hypertrophy. The mechanisms and life history
consequences of developmental plasticity in fibre number are discussed.
Key words: muscle growth, myogenic cells, muscle fibre recruitment, temperature, growth, developmental plasticity, fish, Salmo salar
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