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First published online September 9, 2003
Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills
1 Division of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo,
PO Box 1051, 0316 Oslo, Norway
2 Institute of Pathology, Norwegian National Hospital, Oslo,
Norway
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: jorund.sollid{at}bio.uio.no)
Accepted 11 July 2003
We show that crucian carp (Carassius carassius) living in normoxic
(aerated) water have gills that lack protruding lamellae, the primary site of
O2 uptake in fish. Such an unusual trait leads to a very small
respiratory surface area. Histological examination showed that the lamellae
(secondary lamellae) of these fish were embedded in a cell mass (denoted
embedded lamellae). When the fish were kept in hypoxic water, a large
reduction in this cell mass occurred, making the lamellae protrude and
increasing the respiratory surface area by 
7.5-fold. This morphological
change was found to be reversible and was caused by increased apoptosis
combined with reduced cell proliferation. Carp with protruding lamellae had a
higher capacity for oxygen uptake at low oxygen levels than fish with embedded
lamellae, but water and ion fluxes appeared to be increased, which indicates
increased osmoregulatory costs. This is, to our knowledge, the first
demonstration of an adaptive and reversible gross morphological change in the
respiratory organ of an adult vertebrate in response to changes in the
availability of oxygen.
Key words: crucian carp, Carassius carassius, gill, secondary lamellae, morphology, hypoxia, apoptosis
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