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First published online September 9, 2003

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The Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 3667-3673 (2003)
doi: 10.1242/jeb.00594

Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills

Jørund Sollid^1,*, Paula De Angelis², Kristian Gundersen¹ and Göran E. Nilsson¹

¹ Division of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1051, 0316 Oslo, Norway
² Institute of Pathology, Norwegian National Hospital, Oslo, Norway

^* Author for correspondence (e-mail: jorund.sollid{at}bio.uio.no)

Accepted 11 July 2003

We show that crucian carp (Carassius carassius) living in normoxic (aerated) water have gills that lack protruding lamellae, the primary site of O₂ uptake in fish. Such an unusual trait leads to a very small respiratory surface area. Histological examination showed that the lamellae (secondary lamellae) of these fish were embedded in a cell mass (denoted embedded lamellae). When the fish were kept in hypoxic water, a large reduction in this cell mass occurred, making the lamellae protrude and increasing the respiratory surface area by 7.5-fold. This morphological change was found to be reversible and was caused by increased apoptosis combined with reduced cell proliferation. Carp with protruding lamellae had a higher capacity for oxygen uptake at low oxygen levels than fish with embedded lamellae, but water and ion fluxes appeared to be increased, which indicates increased osmoregulatory costs. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of an adaptive and reversible gross morphological change in the respiratory organ of an adult vertebrate in response to changes in the availability of oxygen.

Key words: crucian carp, Carassius carassius, gill, secondary lamellae, morphology, hypoxia, apoptosis

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