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First published online August 25, 2003
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A marine diatom-derived aldehyde induces apoptosis in copepod and sea urchin embryos
1 Stazione Zoologica `Anton Dohrn' Villa Comunale 1 - 80121 Napoli,
Italy
2 Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche -
83100 Avellino, Italy
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: romano{at}szn.it)
Accepted 2 July 2003
The diatom-derived aldehyde 2-trans-4-trans-decadienal
(DD) was tested as an apoptogenic inducer in both copepod and sea urchin
embryos, using terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end
labelling (TUNEL), DNA fragmentation profiling (laddering) and an assay for
caspase-3 activity. DD induced TUNEL positivity and DNA laddering, but not
caspase-like activation, in copepod embryos spawned by females fed for 10-15
days the diatom diet Thalassiosira rotula Meunier (in vivo),
or when newly spawned eggs were exposed for 1 h to 5 µg ml-1 DD
(in vitro). To our knowledge, this is the first time that evidence
for an apoptotic process in copepods has been obtained by cytochemical (TUNEL)
and biochemical (DNA fragmentation) approaches. The absence of caspase-like
activity in copepod embryos suggests that caspase-independent programmed cell
death occurs in these organisms. In sea urchin embryos, DD induced apoptosis
and also activated a caspase-3-like protease. The saturated aldehyde decanal
induced apoptosis at higher concentrations and after a longer incubation
period than DD, indicating that 
,ß-unsaturation of the molecule,
coupled with the aldehyde group, is responsible for the greater biological
activity of DD. Since diatoms are an important food source for marine
herbivores such as copepods and sea urchins, these findings may help explain
why unsaturated aldehydes often induce reproductive failure, with important
ecological consequences at the population level.
Key words: apoptosis, unsaturated aldehyde, copepod, sea urchin, embryo, caspase-3, diatom
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