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Exposure of brown trout Salmo trutta to a sublethal concentration of copper in soft acidic water: effects upon gas exchange and ammonia accumulation
School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: p.j.butler{at}bham.ac.uk)
Accepted 2 October 2002
The present study was undertaken to answer two questions relating to the
exposure of brown trout Salmo trutta to sublethal concentrations of
copper and low pH (CLP) for 96h. (1) What is the effect of these pollutants on
the rate of oxygen consumption
(
O2) at
different levels of exercise and (2) why does ammonia accumulate within these
fish, when the low external pH should favour the diffusion of NH3
across the gills? Mean
O2 of fish in
CLP and control (normal pH and no added copper) conditions were not
significantly different from each other at any level of exercise. This
suggests that exposure to CLP was not a `loading' factor at any level of
activity. However, both maximum
O2 and critical
swimming speed (Ucrit) were significantly lower in the CLP
trout (5.5±1.6 mmol O2 kg-1 h-1 and
1.12±0.06 BL s-1, respectively) than in control
fish (18.5±2.3 mmol O2 kg-1 h-1 and
2.04±0.11 BL s-1, respectively). There was no
evidence from cardiovascular variables, such as heart rate and cardiac output,
to suggest any changes in the oxygen transport system to compensate for any
possible reduction in branchial gas exchange. Thus, it is suggested that
oxygen exchange and transport do not limit the swimming performance of CLP
trout, but that exposure to CLP reduces the maximum demand for O2,
i.e. it is a limiting factor.
The accumulation of ammonia in the plasma and white muscles during exposure to CLP has already been implicated in reducing the swimming performance of brown trout. Inhibition of cortisol synthesis abolished a large proportion of the increases in both the accumulation and excretion of ammonia that occurred during the second 48 h of the exposure to CLP, but did not inhibit ammonia accumulation completely. It is suggested that CLP not only causes an increase in the rate of production of ammonia, which is enhanced when the level of cortisol starts to increase after 48 h, but that it also inhibits an excretory mechanism (most probably Na+/NH4+ exchange) that is non-obligatory under `normal' conditions (when passive diffusion is sufficient), but is required in order to respond to unusually high ammonia loads.
Key words: copper, low pH, ammonia, gas exchange, swimming, brown trout, Salmo trutta
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