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The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 3367-3376 (2002)
Copyright © 2002 The Company of Biologists Limited

Sexual maturation and reproductive zinc physiology in the female squirrelfish

E. David Thompson1, Gregory D. Mayer2, Patrick J. Walsh2 and Christer Hogstrand1,2,3,*

1 T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, 101 Morgan Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
2 Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, and NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Science Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
3 School of Health and Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin—Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: christer.hogstrand{at}kcl.ac.uk)

Accepted 5 August 2002

Female squirrelfish (Holocentridae) accumulate higher concentrations of hepatic zinc than any other known organism. In the liver cells, up to 70% of zinc is bound to metallothionein (MT), which is expressed at extremely high levels. These attributes are related to reproduction in ways that have not been fully characterized. In the present study, we have demonstrated that female-specific zinc and MT accumulation and distribution are strongly correlated to the onset of sexual maturity in Holocentrus adsenscionis. Sexual maturation not only resulted in increased concentrations of zinc in the liver and plasma, but also increased levels of hepatic MT mRNA. Furthermore, mature female squirrelfish exhibited greater proportions of MT protein in the nuclear liver cell fractions. To characterize the physiology further, we have examined the influence of the female sex hormone 17 ß-estradiol (E2). E2 was not sufficient to elicit an increase in hepatic zinc concentrations or MT mRNA levels. E2 administration did, however, result in increased levels of MT in the nuclear fraction as well as overall hepatic MT protein. E2 also increased concentrations of zinc in the plasma. The changes in zinc concentration in the bloodstream followed the same time course as vitellogenin (VTG) transport from the liver. However, the high ratio of molar concentrations of zinc to VTG in the bloodstream suggest that VTG may not be the primary vehicle for hepato-ovarian zinc transport in squirrelfish.

Key words: zinc, metallothionein, vitellogenin, estradiol, sexual maturity, reproductive physiology, female, squirrelfish






© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2002