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The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 3347-3356 (2002)
Copyright © 2002 The Company of Biologists Limited

Heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption of flying and walking barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)

S. Ward1,*, C. M. Bishop2, A. J. Woakes1 and P. J. Butler1

1 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales — Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
* Present address: School of Biology, Bute Medical Buildings, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK

(e-mail: sw29{at}st-andrews.ac.uk)

Accepted 15 July 2002

We tested the hypotheses that the relationship between heart rate (fH) and the rate of oxygen consumption (O2) differs between walking and flying in geese and that fH and O2 have a U-shaped relationship with flight speed. We trained barnacle geese Branta leucopsis (mean mass 2.1 kg) and bar-headed geese Anser indicus (mean mass 2.6 kg) to walk inside a respirometer on a treadmill and to fly in a wind tunnel with a respirometry mask at a range of speeds. We measured fH and O2 simultaneously during walking on the treadmill in five individuals of each species and in one bar-headed goose and four barnacle geese during flight in the wind tunnel. The relationships between fH and O2 were significantly different between flying and walking. O2 was higher, and the increment in O2 for a given increase in fH was greater, for flying than for walking geese. The relationship between fH and O2 of free-living barnacle geese during their natural migratory flights must differ from that measured in the wind tunnel, since the fH of wild migratory birds corresponds to values of O2 that are unrealistically low when using the calibration relationship for our captive birds. Neither fH nor O2 varied with flight velocity across the range of speeds over which the geese would fly sustainably.

Key words: flight, exercise, heart rate, oxygen consumption, bird, goose, metabolic power, Branta leucopsis, Anser indicus, migration




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