|
| |
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Quantification of the wake of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using three-dimensional stereoscopic digital particle image velocimetry
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: glauder{at}oeb.harvard.edu)
Accepted 7 August 2002
Although considerable progress has been made within the last decade in experimental hydrodynamic analyses of aquatic locomotion using two-dimensional digital particle image velocimetry (two-dimensional DPIV), data have been limited to simultaneous calculation of two out of the three flow velocity variables: downstream (U), vertical (V) and lateral (W). Here, we present the first biological application of stereo-DPIV, an engineering technique that allows simultaneous calculation of U, V and W velocity vectors. We quantified the wakes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 16.5-21.5 cm total body length, BL), swimming steadily in a recirculating flow tank at a slow cruising speed of 1.2 BL s-1. These data extend the comparative basis of current hydromechanical data on the wakes of free-swimming fishes to the salmoniforms and are used to test current hypotheses of fin function by calculations of mechanical performance and Froude efficiency.
Stereo-DPIV wake images showed three-dimensional views of oscillating jet flows high in velocity relative to free-stream values. These jet flows are consistent with the central momentum jet flows through the cores of shed vortex rings that have been previously viewed for caudal fin swimmers using two-dimensional DPIV. The magnitude and direction of U, V and W flows in these jets were determined over a time series of 6-8 consecutive strokes by each of four fish.
Although the fish swam at the same relative speed, the absolute magnitudes of U, V and W were dependent on individual because of body size variation. Vertical flows were small in magnitude (<1 cm s-1) and variable in direction, indicating limited and variable vertical force production during slow, steady, forward swimming. Thus, in contrast to previous data from sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and mackerel (Scomber japonicus), the trout homocercal caudal fin does not appear to generate consistent vertical forces during steady swimming. U flows were of the order of 3-6 cm s-1; lateral flows were typically strongest, with W magnitudes of 4-6 cm s-1. Such strong lateral flows have also been shown for more derived euteleosts with homocercal caudal fins.
The ratios of the magnitudes of wake flow,
U/(U+V+W), which is a flow equivalent to
mechanical performance, were also dependent on individual and ranged from 0.32
to 0.45, a range similar to the range of mechanical performance values
previously determined using standard two-dimensional DPIV methods for caudal
fin locomotion by more derived euteleosts. Strong lateral jet flow appears to
be a general feature of caudal fin locomotion by teleosts and may reflect the
nature of undulatory propulsion as a posteriorly propagated wave of bending.
Froude efficiency (
p) was independent of individual; mean
p was 0.74, which is similar to previous findings for
trout.
Key words: locomotion, swimming, rainbow trout, efficiency, stereoscopic digital particle image velocimetry, Oncorhynchus mykiss
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. C. Ting and J. T. Yang Pitching stabilization via caudal fin-wave propagation in a forward-sinking parrot cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum x Cichlasoma synspilum) J. Exp. Biol., October 1, 2008; 211(19): 3147 - 3159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Flammang and G. V. Lauder Speed-dependent intrinsic caudal fin muscle recruitment during steady swimming in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus J. Exp. Biol., February 15, 2008; 211(4): 587 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Tytell, E. M. Standen, and G. V. Lauder Escaping Flatland: three-dimensional kinematics and hydrodynamics of median fins in fishes J. Exp. Biol., January 15, 2008; 211(2): 187 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. V. Lauder, E. J. Anderson, J. Tangorra, and P. G. A. Madden Fish biorobotics: kinematics and hydrodynamics of self-propulsion J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2007; 210(16): 2767 - 2780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Liao The role of the lateral line and vision on body kinematics and hydrodynamic preference of rainbow trout in turbulent flow J. Exp. Biol., October 15, 2006; 209(20): 4077 - 4090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Tytell Median fin function in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus: streamwise vortex structure during steady swimming J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2006; 209(8): 1516 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Drucker and G. V. Lauder Locomotor function of the dorsal fin in rainbow trout: kinematic patterns and hydrodynamic forces J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2005; 208(23): 4479 - 4494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. van Ginneken, E. Antonissen, U. K. Muller, R. Booms, E. Eding, J. Verreth, and G. van den Thillart Eel migration to the Sargasso: remarkably high swimming efficiency and low energy costs J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2005; 208(7): 1329 - 1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. T. Hsieh and G. V. Lauder Running on water: Three-dimensional force generation by basilisk lizards PNAS, November 30, 2004; 101(48): 16784 - 16788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Tytell The hydrodynamics of eel swimming II. Effect of swimming speed J. Exp. Biol., September 1, 2004; 207(19): 3265 - 3279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Tytell and G. V. Lauder The hydrodynamics of eel swimming: I. Wake structure J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2004; 207(11): 1825 - 1841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Hanke and H. Bleckmann The hydrodynamic trails of Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae), Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontidae) and Thysochromis ansorgii (Cichlidae) investigated with scanning particle image velocimetry J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2004; 207(9): 1585 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Malkiel, J. Sheng, J. Katz, and J. R. Strickler The three-dimensional flow field generated by a feeding calanoid copepod measured using digital holography J. Exp. Biol., October 15, 2003; 206(20): 3657 - 3666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Drucker and G. V. Lauder Function of pectoral fins in rainbow trout: behavioral repertoire and hydrodynamic forces J. Exp. Biol., March 1, 2003; 206(5): 813 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. V. Lauder, J. C. Nauen, and E. G. Drucker Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes Integr. Comp. Biol., November 1, 2002; 42(5): 1009 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
