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The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 3177-3206 (2002)
Copyright © 2002 The Company of Biologists Limited

A kinematic model of swallowing in Aplysia californica based on radula/odontophore kinematics and in vivo magnetic resonance images

David M. Neustadter^1,4, Richard F. Drushel², Patrick E. Crago¹, Benjamin W. Adams² and Hillel J. Chiel^1,2,3,*

¹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
² Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
³ Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
⁴ MR Systems Department, G. E. Medical Systems Israel Ltd, Keren Hayesod Street, PO Box 2071, Tirat Carmel 39120, Israel

^* Author for correspondence at address 2 (e-mail: hjc{at}po.cwru.edu)

Accepted 3 July 2002

A kinematic model of the buccal mass of Aplysia californica during swallowing has been developed that incorporates the kinematics of the odontophore, the muscular structure that underlies the pincer-like grasping structure, the radula. The model is based on real-time magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the mid-sagittal cross section of the buccal mass during swallowing. Using kinematic relationships derived from isolated odontophores induced to perform feeding-like movements, the model generates predictions about movement of the buccal mass in the medio-lateral dimension during the feeding cycle that are well-matched to corresponding coronal MRIs of the buccal mass during swallowing. The model successfully reproduces changes in the lengths of the intrinsic (I) buccal muscles I2 and I3 measured experimentally. The model predicts changes in the length of the radular opener muscle I7 throughout the swallowing cycle, generates hypotheses about the muscular basis of radular opening prior to the onset of forward rotation during swallowing and suggests possible context-dependent functions for the I7 muscle, the radular stalk and the I5 (ARC) muscle during radular opening and closing.

Key words: feeding, behaviour, biomechanics, kinematics, mollusc, muscular hydrostat, Aplysia californica

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